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(轉載)如果讓我重做一次研究生:王汎森 院士 / 中央研究院歷史語言研究所

(轉載)如果讓我重做一次研究生
  王汎森 院士 / 中央研究院歷史語言研究所

 這個題目我非常喜歡,因為這個題目,對大家多少都有實際的幫助。如果下次我必
須再登臺演講,我覺得這個題目還可以再發揮一兩次。我是台大歷史研究所畢業的,所
以我的碩士是在台大歷史研究所,我的博士是在美國普林斯頓大學取得的。我想在座的
各位有碩士、有博士,因此我以這兩個階段為主,把我的經驗呈現給各位。

 我從來不認為我是位有成就的學者,我也必須跟各位坦白,我為了要來做這場演講
,在所裏碰到剛從美國讀完博士回來的同事,因為他們剛離開博士生的階段,比較有一
些自己較獨特的想法,我就問他:「如果你講這個問題,準備要貢獻什麼?」結合了他
們的意見,共同醞釀了今天的演講內容,因此這裏面不全是我一個人的觀點。雖然我的
碩士論文和博士論文都出版了,但不表示我就是一個成功的研究生,因為我也總還有其
它方面仍是懵懵懂懂。我的碩士論文是二十年前時報出版公司出版的,我的博士論文是
英國劍橋大學出版的。你說有特別好嗎?我不敢亂說。我今天只是綜合一些經驗,提供
大家參考。

 一、研究生與大學生的區別

 首先跟大家說明一下研究生和大學生的區別。大學生基本上是來接受學問、接受知
識的,然而不管是對於碩士時期或是博士時期的研究而言,都應該準備要開始製造新的
知識,我們在美國得到博士學位時都會領到看不懂的畢業證書,在一個偶然的機會下,
我問了一位懂拉丁文的人,上面的內容為何?他告訴我:「裏頭寫的是恭喜你對人類的
知識有所創新,因此授予你這個學位。」在中國原本並沒有博碩士的學歷,但是在西方
他們原來的用意是,恭賀你已經對人類普遍的知識有所創新,這個創新或大或小,都是
對於普遍的知識有所貢獻。這個創新不會因為你做本土與否而有所不同,所以第一個我
們必須要很用心、很深刻的思考,大學生和研究生是不同的。

 (一)選擇自己的問題取向,學會創新

 你一旦是研究生,你就已經進入另一個階段,不只是要完全樂在其中,更要從而接
受各種有趣的知識,進入製造知識的階段,也就是說你的論文應該有所創新。由接受知
識到創造知識,是身為一個研究生最大的特色,不僅如此,還要認識到自己不再是個容
器,等著老師把某些東西倒在茶杯裏,而是要開始逐步發展和開發自己。作為研究生不
再是對於各種新奇的課程照單全收,而是要重視問題取向的安排,就是在碩士或博士的
階段,所有的精力、所有修課以及讀的書裏面都應該要有一個關注的焦點,而不能像大
學那般漫無目標。大學生時代是因為你要儘量開創自己接受任何東西,但是到了碩士生
和博士生,有一個最終的目的,就是要完成論文,那篇論文是你個人所有武功的總集合
,所以這時候必須要有個問題取向的學習。

 (二)嘗試跨領域研究,主動學習

 提出一個重要的問題,跨越一個重要的領域,將決定你未來的成敗。我也在台大和
清華教了十幾年的課,我常常跟學生講,選對一個領域和選對一個問題是成敗的關鍵,
而你自己本身必須是帶著問題來探究無限的學問世界,因為你不再像大學時代一樣氾濫
無所歸。所以這段時間內,必須選定一個有興趣與關注的主題為出發點,來探究這些知
識,產生有機的迴圈。由於你是自發性的對這個問題產生好奇和興趣,所以你的態度和
大學部的學生是截然不同的,你慢慢從被動的接受者變成是一個主動的探索者,並學會
悠遊在這學術的領域。

 我舉一個例子,我們的中央研究院院長李遠哲先生,得了諾貝爾獎。他曾經在中研
院的週報寫過幾篇文章,在他的言論集裏面,或許各位也可以看到,他反復提到他的故
事。他是因為讀了一個叫做馬亨教授的教科書而去美國柏克萊大學念書,去了以後才發
現,這個老師只給他一張支票,跟他說你要花錢你儘量用,但是從來不教他任何東西。
可是隔壁那個教授,老師教很多,而且每天學生都是跟著老師學習。他有一次就跟那個
老師抱怨:「那你為什麼不教我點東西呢?」那個老師就說:「如果我知道結果,那我
要你來這邊念書做什麼?我就是因為不知道,所以要我們共同探索一個問題、一個未知
的領域。」他說其實這兩種教法都有用處,但是他自己從這個什麼都不教他,永遠碰到
他只問他「有沒有什麼新發現」的老師身上,得到很大的成長。所以這兩方面都各自蘊
含深層的道理,沒有所謂的好壞,但是最好的方式就是將這兩個方式結合起來。我為什
麼講這個故事呢?就是強調在這個階段,學習是一種「 self-help 」,並且是在老師
的引導下學習「 self-help 」,而不能再像大學時代般,都是純粹用聽的,這個階段
的學習要基於對研究問題的好奇和興趣,要帶著一顆熱忱的心來探索這個領域。

 然而研究生另外一個重要的階段就是 Learn how to learn ,不只是學習而已,而
是學習如何學習,不再是要去買一件很漂亮的衣服,而是要學習拿起那一根針,學會繡
出一件漂亮的衣服,慢慢學習把目標放在一個標準上,而這一個標準就是你將來要完成
碩士或博士論文。如果你到西方一流的大學去讀書,你會覺得我這一篇論文可能要和全
世界做同一件問題的人相比較。我想即使在臺灣也應該要有這樣的心情,你的標準不能
單單只是放在旁邊幾個人而已,而應該是要放在領域的普遍人裏面。你這篇文章要有新
的東西,才算達到的標準,也才符合到我們剛剛講到那張拉丁文的博士證書上面所講的
,有所貢獻與創新。

 二、一個老師怎麼訓練研究生

 第二個,身為老師你要怎麼訓練研究生。我認為人文科學和社會科學的訓練,哪怕
是自然科學的訓練,到研究生階段應該更像師徒制,所以來自個人和老師、個人和同學
間密切的互動和學習是非常重要的,跟大學部坐在那邊單純聽課,聽完就走人是不一樣
的,相較之下你的生活應該要和你所追求的知識與解答相結合,並且你往後的生活應該
或多或少都和這個探索有相關。

 (一)善用與老師的夥伴關係,不斷 Research

 我常說英文 research 這個字非常有意義, search 是尋找,而 research 是再尋
找,所以每個人都要 research ,不斷的一遍一遍再尋找,並進而使你的生活和學習成
為一體。中國近代兵學大師蔣百里在他的兵學書中曾說:「生活條件要跟戰鬥條件一致
,近代歐洲凡生活與戰鬥條件一致者強,凡生活與戰鬥條件不一致者弱。」我就是藉由
這個來說明研究生的生活,你的生活條件與你的戰鬥條件要一致,你的生活是跟著老師
與同學共同成長的,當中你所聽到的每一句話,都可能帶給你無限的啟發。

 回想當時我在美國念書的研究生生活,只要隨便在樓梯口碰到任何一個人,他都有
辦法幫忙解答你語言上的困難,不管是英文、拉丁文、德文、希臘文 …… 等。所以能
幫助解決問題的不單只是你的老師,還包括所有同學以及學習團體。你的學習是跟生活
合在一起的。當我看到有學生呈現被動或是懈怠的時候,我就會用毛澤東的「革命不是
請客吃飯!」來跟他講:「作研究生不是請客吃飯。」

 (二)藉由大量閱讀和老師提點,進入研究領域

 怎樣進入一個領域最好,我個人覺得只有兩條路,其中一條就是讓他不停的念書、
不停的報告,這是進入一個陌生的領域最快,又最方便的方法,到最後不知不覺學生就
會知道這個領域有些什麼,我們在不停念書的時候常常可能會沉溺在細節裏不能自拔,
進而失去全景,導致見樹不見林,或是被那幾句英文困住,而忘記全局在講什麼。藉由
學生的報告,老師可以講述或是理清其中的精華內容,經由老師幾句提點,就會慢慢打
通任督二脈,逐漸發展一種自發學習的能力,同時也知道碰到問題可以看哪些東西。就
像是我在美國念書的時候,我修過一些我完全沒有背景知識的國家的歷史,所以我就不
停的念書、不停的逼著自己吸收,而老師也只是不停的開書目,運用這樣的方式慢慢訓
練,有一天我不再研究它時,我發現自己仍然有自我生產及蓄發的能力,因為我知道這
個學問大概是什麼樣的輪廓,碰到問題也有能力可以去查詢相關的資料。所以努力讓自
己的學習產生自發的延展性是很重要的。

 (三)循序漸進地練習論文寫作

 到了碩士或博士最重要的一件事,是完成一篇學位論文,而不管是碩士或博士論文
,其規模都遠比你從小學以來所受的教育、所要寫的東西都還要長得多,雖然我不知道
教育方面的論文情況是如何,但是史學的論文都要寫二、三十萬字,不然就是十幾二十
萬字。寫這麼大的一個篇幅,如何才能有條不紊、條理清楚,並把整體架構組織得通暢
可讀?首先,必須要從一千字、五千字、一萬字循序漸進的訓練,先從少的慢慢寫成多
的,而且要在很短的時間內訓練到可以從一萬字寫到十萬字。這麼大規模的論文誰都寫
得出來,問題是寫得好不好,因為這麼大規模的寫作,有這麼許多的註腳,還要注意首
尾相映,使論述一體成型,而不是散落一地的銅錢;是一間大禮堂,而不是一間小小分
割的閣樓。為了完成一個大的、完整的、有機的架構模型,必須要從小規模的篇幅慢慢
練習,這是一個最有效的辦法。

 因為受電腦的影響,我發現很多學生寫文章能力都大幅下降。寫論文時很重要的
一點是,文筆一定要清楚,不要花俏、不必漂亮,「清楚」是最高指導原則,經過慢慢
練習會使你的文筆跟思考產生一致的連貫性。我常跟學生講不必寫的花俏,不必展現你
散文的才能,因為這是學術論文,所以關鍵在於要寫得非常清楚,如果有好的文筆當然
更棒,但那是可遇不可求的,文彩像個人的生命一樣,英文叫 style , style 本身就
像個人一樣帶有一點點天生。因此最重要的還是把內容陳述清楚,從一萬字到最後十萬
字的東西,都要架構井然、論述清楚、文筆清晰。

 我在念書的時候,有一位歐洲史、英國史的大師 Lawrence Stone ,他目前已經過
世了,曾經有一本書訪問十位最了不起的史學家,我記得他在訪問中說了一句非常吸引
人注意的話,他說他英文文筆相當好,所以他一輩子沒有被退過稿。因此文筆清楚或是
文筆好,對於將來文章可被接受的程度有舉足輕重的地位。內容非常重要,有好的表達
工具更是具有加分的作用,但是這裏不是講究漂亮的 style ,而是論述清楚。

 三、研究生如何訓練自己

 (一)嘗試接受挑戰,勇於克服

 研究生如何訓練自己?就是每天、每週或每個月給自己一個挑戰,要每隔一段時間
就給自己一個挑戰,挑戰一個你做不到的東西,你不一定要求自己每次都能順利克服那
個挑戰,但是要努力去嘗試。我在我求學的生涯中,碰到太多聰明但卻一無所成的人,
因為他們很容易困在自己的障礙裏面,舉例來說,我在普林斯頓大學碰到一個很聰明的
人,他就是沒辦法克服他給自己的挑戰,他就總是東看西看,雖然我也有這個毛病,可
是我會定期給我自己一個挑戰,例如:我會告訴自己,在某一個期限內,無論如何一定
要把這三行字改掉,或是這個禮拜一定要把這篇草稿寫完,雖然我仍然常常寫不完,但
是有這個挑戰跟沒這個挑戰是不一樣的,因為我挑戰三次總會完成一次,完成一次就夠
了,就足以表示克服了自己,如果覺得每一個禮拜的挑戰,可行性太低,可以把時間延
長為一個月的挑戰,去挑戰原來的你,不一定能做到的事情。不過也要切記,碩士生是
剛開始進入這一個領域的新手,如果一開始問題太小,或是問題大到不能控制,都會造
成以後研究的困難。

 (二)論文的寫作是個訓練過程,不能苛求完成精典之作

 各位要記得我以前的老師所說的一句話:「碩士跟博士是一個訓練的過程,碩士跟
博士不是寫經典之作的過程。」我看過很多人,包括我的親戚朋友們,他之所以沒有辦
法好好地完成碩士論文,或是博士論文,就是因為他把它當成在寫經典之作的過程,雖
然事實上,很多人一生最好的作品就是碩士論文或博士論文,因為之後的時間很難再有
三年或六年的時間,沉浸在一個主題裏反復的耕耘,當你做教授的時候,像我今天被行
政纏身,你不再有充裕的時間好好探究一個問題,尤其做教授還要指導學生、上課,因
此非常的忙碌,所以他一生最集中又精華的時間,當然就是他寫博士、或是碩士論文的
時候,而那一本成為他一生中最重要的著作也就一點都不奇怪了。

 不一定要刻意強求,要有這是一個訓練過程的信念,應該清楚知道從哪里開始,也
要知道從哪里放手,不要無限的追下去。當然我不是否認這個過程的重要性,只是要調
整自己的心態,把論文的完成當成一個目標,不要成為是一種的心理障礙或是心理負擔
。這方面有太多的例子了,我在普林斯頓大學念書的時候,那邊舊書攤有一位非常博學
多文的舊書店老闆,我常常讚歎的對他說:「你為什麼不要在大學做教授。」他說:「
因為那篇博士論文沒有寫完。」原因在於他把那個博士論文當成要寫一本經典,那當然
永遠寫不完。如果真能寫成經典那是最好,就像美麗新境界那部電影的男主角 John Na
sh 一樣,一生最大的貢獻就是博士那二十幾頁的論文,不過切記不要把那個當作是目
標,因為那是自然而然形成的,應該要堅定的告訴自己,所要完成的是一份結構嚴謹、
論述清楚與言之有物的論文,不要一開始就期待它是經典之作。如果你期待它是經典之
作,你可能會變成我所看到的那位舊書攤的老闆,至於我為什麼知道他有那麼多學問,
是因為那時候我在找一本書,但它並沒有在舊書店裏面,不過他告訴我:「還有很多本
都跟他不相上下。」後來我對那個領域稍稍懂了之後,證明確實如他所建議的那般。一
個舊書店的老闆精熟每一本書,可是他就是永遠無法完成,他夢幻般的學位論文,因為
他不知道要在哪里放手,這一切都只成為空談。

 (三)論文的正式寫作

 1. 學習有所取捨

 到了寫論文的時候,要能取也要能舍,因為現在資訊爆炸,可以看的書太多,所以
一定要建構一個屬於自己的知識樹,首先,要有一棵自己的知識樹,才能在那棵樹掛相
關的東西,但千萬不要不斷的掛不相關的東西,而且要慢慢的舍掉一些掛不上去的東西
,再隨著你的問題與關心的領域,讓這棵知識樹有主幹和枝葉。然而這棵知識樹要如何
形成?第一步你必須對所關心的領域中,有用的書籍或是資料非常熟悉。

 2. 形成你的知識樹

 我昨天還請教林毓生院士,他今年已經七十幾歲了,我告訴他我今天要來作演講,
就問他:「你如果講這個題目你要怎麼講?」他說:「只有一點,就是那重要的五、六
本書要讀好幾遍。」因為林毓生先生是海耶克,還有幾位近代思想大師在芝加哥大學的
學生,他們受的訓練中很重要的一部份是精讀原典。這句話很有道理,雖然你不可能只
讀那幾本重要的書,但是那五、六本書將逐漸形成你知識樹的主幹,此後的東西要掛在
上面,都可以參照這一個架構,然後把不相干的東西暫放一邊。生也有涯,知也無涯,
你不可能讀遍天下所有的好書,所以要學習取捨,瞭解自己無法看遍所有有興趣的書,
而且一旦看遍所有有興趣的書,很可能就會落得普林斯頓街上的那位舊書店的老闆一般
,因為閱讀太多不是自己所關心的領域的知識,它對於你來說只是一地的散錢。

 3. 掌握工具

 在這個階段一定要掌握語言與合適的工具。要有一個外語可以非常流暢的閱讀,要
有另外一個外語至少可以看得懂文章的標題,能學更多當然更好,但是至少要有一個語
言,不管是英文、日文、法文 …… 等,一定要有一個語言能夠非常流暢的閱讀相關書
籍,這是起碼的前提。一旦這個工具沒有了,你的視野就會因此大受限制,因為語言就
如同是一扇天窗,沒有這個天窗你這房間就封閉住了。為什麼你要看得懂標題?因為這
樣才不會有重要的文章而你不知道,如果你連標題都看不懂,你就不知道如何找人來幫
你或是自己查相關的資料。其他的工具,不管是統計或是其他的任何工具,你也一定要
多掌握,因為你將來沒有時間再把這樣的工具學會。

 4. 突破學科間的界線

 應該要把跨學科的學習當作是一件很重要的事,但是跨學科涉及到的東西必須要對
你這棵知識樹有幫助,要學會到別的領域稍微偷打幾槍,到別的領域去攝取一些概念,
對於本身關心的問題產生另一種不同的啟發,可是不要氾濫無所歸。為什麼要去偷打那
幾槍?近幾十年來,人們發現不管是科學或人文,最有創新的部份是發生在學科交會的
地方。為什麼會如此?因為我們現在的所有學科大部分都在西方十九世紀形成的,而中
國再把它轉借過來。十九世紀形成這些知識學科的劃分的時候,很多都帶有那個時代的
思想與學術背景,比如說,中研院的李院長的專長就是物理化學,他之所以得諾貝爾獎
就是他在物理和化學的交界處做工作。像諾貝爾經濟獎,這二十年來所頒的獎,如果在
傳統的經濟學獎來看就是旁門走道,古典經濟學豈會有這些東西,甚至心理學家也得諾
貝爾經濟獎,連 John Nash 這位數學家也得諾貝爾經濟獎,為什麼?因為他們都在學
科的交界上,學科跟學科、平臺跟平臺的交界之處有所突破。在平臺本身、在學科原本
最核心的地方已經 search 太多次了,因此不一定能有很大的創新,所以為什麼跨領域
學習是一件很重要的事情。

 常常一篇碩士論文或博士論文最重要、最關鍵的,是那一個統攝性的重要概念,而
通常你在本學科裏面抓不到,是因為你已經泡在這個學科裏面太久了,你已經拿著手電筒
筒在這個小倉庫裏面照來照去照太久了,而忘了還有別的東西可以更好解釋你這些材料
的現象,不過這些東西可遇而不可求。 John Nash 這一位數學家為什麼會得諾貝爾數
學獎?為什麼他在賽局理論的博士論文,會在數十年之後得諾貝爾經濟獎?因為他在大
學時代上經濟學導論的課,所以他認為數學可以用在經濟方面來思考,而這個東西在一
開始,他也沒有想到會有這麼大的用處。他是在數學和經濟學的知識交界之處做突破。
有時候在經濟學這一個部分沒有大關係,在數學的這一個部分也沒有大關係,不過兩個
加在一起,火花就會蹦出來。

 5. 論文題目要有延展性

 對一個碩士生或博士生來說,如果選錯了題目,就是失敗,題目選對了,還有百分
之七十勝利的機會。這個問題值得研一、博一的學生好好思考。你的第一年其實就是要
花在這上面,你要不斷的跟老師商量尋找一個有意義、有延展性的問題,而且不要太難
。我在國科會當過人文處長,當我離開的時候,每次就有七千件申請案,就有一萬四千
個袋子,就要送給一萬四千個教授審查。我當然不可能看那麼多,可是我有個重要的任
務,就是要看申訴。有些申訴者認為:「我的研究計畫很好,我的著作很好,所以我來
申訴。」申訴通過的大概只有百分之十,那麼我的責任就是在百分之九十未通過的案子
正式判決前,再拿來看一看。有幾個印象最深常常被拿出來討論的,就是這個題目不必
再做了、這個題目本身沒有發展性,所以使我更加確認選對一個有意義、有延展性、可
控制、可以經營的題目是非常重要的。

 我的學生常常選非常難的題目,我說你千萬不要這樣,因為沒有人會仔細去看你研
究的困難度,對於難的題目你要花更多的時間閱讀史料,才能得到一點點東西;要擠很
多東西,才能篩選出一點點內容,所以你最好選擇一個難易適中的題目。

 我寫過好幾本書,我認為我對每一本書的花的心力都是一樣,雖然我寫任何東西我
都不滿意,但是在過程中我都絞盡腦汁希望把他寫好。目前為止很多人認為我最好的書
,是我二十幾歲剛到史語所那一年所寫的那本書。我在那本書花的時間並不長,那本書
的大部分的稿子,是我和許添明老師同時在當兵的軍營裏面寫的,而且還是用我以前舊
的筆記寫的。大陸這些年有許多出版社,反復要求出版我以前的書,尤其是這一本,我
說:「不行。」因為我用的是我以前的讀書筆記,我怕引文有錯字,因為在軍隊營區裏
面隨時都要出操、隨時就要集合,手邊又沒有書,怎麼可能好好的去核對呢?而如果要
我重新校正一遍,又因為引用太多書,實在沒有力氣校正。

 為什麼舉這個例子呢?我後來想一想,那本書之所以比較好,可能是因為那個題目
可延展性大,那個題目波瀾起伏的可能性大。很多人都認為,我最好的書應該是劍橋大
學出的那一本,不過我認為我最好的書一定是用中文寫的,因為這個語言我能掌握,英
文我沒辦法掌握得出神入化。讀、寫任何文章一定要練習到你能帶著三分隨意,那時候
你才可以說對於這一個語言完全理解與精熟,如果你還無法達到三分的隨意,就表示你
還在摸索。

 回到我剛剛講的,其實每一本書、每一篇論文我都很想把它寫好。但是有些東西沒
辦法寫好,為什麼?因為一開始選擇的題目不夠好。因此唯有選定題目以後,你的所有
訓練與努力才有價值。我在這裏建議大家,選題的工作要儘早做,所選的題目所要處理
的材料最好要集中,不要太分散,因為碩士生可能只有三年、博士生可能只有五年,如
果你的材料太不集中,讀書或看資料可能就要花掉你大部分的時間,讓你沒有餘力思考
。而且這個題目要適合你的性向,如果你不會統計學或討厭數字,但卻選了一個全都要
靠統計的論文,那是不可能做得好。

 6. 養成遵照學術格式的寫作習慣

 另一個最基本的訓練,就是平時不管你寫一萬字、三萬字、五萬字都要養成遵照學
術規範的習慣,要讓他自然天成,就是說你論文的註腳、格式,在一開始進入研究生的
階段就要培養成為你生命中的一個部份,如果這個習慣沒有養成,人家就會覺得這個論
文不嚴謹,之後修改也要花很多時間,因為你的論文規模很大,可能幾百頁,如果一開
始弄錯了,後來再重頭改到尾,一定很耗時費力,因此要在一開始就養成習慣,因為我
們是在寫論文而不是在寫散文,哪一個逗點應該在哪里、哪一個書名號該在哪里、哪一
個地方要用引號、哪一個要什麼標點符號,都有一定的規定,用中文寫還好,用英文有
一大堆簡稱。在 1960 年代臺灣知識還很封閉的時候,有一個人從美國回來就說:「美
國有個不得了的情形,因為有一個人非常不得了。」有人問他為什麼不得了,他說:「
因為這個人的作品到處被引用。」他的名字就叫 ibid 。所謂 ibid 就是同前作者,這
個字是從拉丁文發展出來的,拉丁文有一大堆簡稱,像 et. al. 就是兩人共同編的。
英文有一本 The Chicago Manual of Style 就是專門說明這一些寫作規範。各位要盡
早學會中英文的寫作規範,慢慢練習,最後隨性下筆,就能寫出符合規範的文章。

 7. 善用圖書館

 圖書館應該是研究生階段最重要的地方,不必讀每一本書,可是要知道有哪些書。
我記得我做學生時,新進的書都會放在圖書館的牆上,而身為學生最重要的事情,就是
要把書名看一看。在某些程度上知道書皮就夠了,但是這仍和打電腦是不一樣的,你
要實際上熟悉一下那本書,摸一下,看一眼目錄。我知道現在從電腦就可以查到書名
,可是我還是非常珍惜這種定期去 browse 新到的書的感覺,或去看看相關領域的書長
成什麼樣子。中研院有一位元院士是哈佛大學資訊教授,他告訴我他在創造力最高峰的時
候,每個禮拜都到他們資訊系圖書室裏,翻閱重要的資訊期刊。所以圖書館應該是身為
研究生的人們,最熟悉的地方。不過切記不重要的不要花時間去看,你們生活在資訊泛
濫的時代,跟我生長在資訊貧乏的時代是不同的,所以生長在這一個時代的你,要能有
所取捨。我常常看我的學生引用一些三流的論文,卻引得津津有味,我都替他感到難過
,因為我強調要讀有用、有價值的東西。(非常精彩!非常重要!)

 8. 留下時間,精緻思考

 還要記得給自己保留一些思考的時間。一篇論文能不能出神入化、能不能引人入勝
,很重要的是在現象之上作概念性的思考,但我不是說一定要走理論的路線,而是提醒
大家要在一般的層次再提升兩三步, conceptualize 你所看到的東西。真切去瞭解,
你所看到的東西是什麼?整體意義是什麼?整體的輪廓是什麼?千萬不要被枝節淹沒,
雖然枝節是你最重要的開始,但是你一天總也要留一些時間好好思考、慢慢沉澱。 con
ceptualize 是一種非常難教的東西,我記得我念書時,有位老師信誓旦旦說要開一門
課,教學生如何 conceptualize ,可是從來都沒開成,因為這非常難教。我要提醒的
是,在被很多材料和枝節淹沒的時候,要適時跳出來想一想,所看到的東西有哪些意義?
這個意義有沒有廣泛連結到更大層面的知識價值。

 傅斯年先生來到臺灣以後,同時擔任中央研究院歷史語言研究所的所長及台大的校
長。台大有個傅鐘每小時鐘聲有二十一響、敲二十一次。以前有一個人,寫了一本書叫
《鐘聲二十一響》,當時很轟動。他當時對這二十一響解釋是說:因為台大的學生都很
好,所以二十一響是歡迎國家元首二十一響的禮炮。不久前我發現台大在每一個重要的
古跡下面豎一個銅牌,我仔細看看傅鐘下的解釋,才知道原來是因為傅斯年當台大校長
的時候,曾經說過一句話:「人一天只有二十一個小時,另外三小時是要思考的。」所
以才叫二十一響。我覺得這句話大有道理,可是我覺得三小時可能太多,因為研究生是
非常忙的,但至少每天要留個三十分鐘、一小時思考,想一想你看到了什麼?學習跳到
比你所看到的東西更高一點的層次去思考。

 9. 找到學習的楷模

 我剛到美國念書的時候,每次寫報告頭皮就重的不得了,因為我們的英文報告三、
四十頁,一個學期有四門課的話就有一百六十頁,可是你連註腳都要從頭學習。後來我
找到一個好辦法,就是我每次要寫的時候,把一篇我最喜歡的論文放在旁邊,雖然他寫
的題目跟我寫的都沒關係,不過我每次都看他如何寫,看看他的注腳、讀幾行,然後我
就開始寫。就像最有名的男高音 Pavarotti 唱歌劇的時候都會捏著一條手帕,因為他
說:「上舞臺就像下地獄,太緊張了。」他為了克服緊張,他有習慣性的動作,就是捏
著白手帕。我想當年那一篇論文抽印本就像是我的白手帕一樣,能讓我開始好好寫這篇
報告,我學習它裏面如何思考、如何構思、如何照顧全體、如何用英文作註腳。好好的
把一位元大師的作品讀完,開始模仿和學習他,是入門最好的方法,逐步的,你也開始寫
出自己的東西。我也常常鼓勵我的學生,出國半年或是一年到國外看看。像現在國科會
有各式各樣的機會,可以增長眼界,可以知道現在的餐館正在賣些什麼菜,回來後自己
要做菜也才知道要如何著手。

 四、用兩條腿走路,練習培養自己的興趣

 最後還有一點很重要的,就是我們的人生是兩隻腳,我們不是靠一隻腳走路。做研
究生的時代,固然應該把所有的心思都放在學業上,探索你所要探索的那些問題,可是
那只是你的一隻腳,另外還有一隻腳是要學習培養一、兩種興趣。很多人後來會發現他
的右腳特別肥重(包括我自己在內),也就是因為忘了培養左腳。很多很有名的大學者
最後都陷入極度的精神困擾之中,就是因為他只是培養他的右腳,他忘了培養他的左腳
,他忘了人生用兩隻腳走路,他少了一個小小的興趣或嗜好,用來好好的調解或是排遣
自己。

 去年夏天,香港《亞洲週刊》要訪問我,我說:「我不想接受訪問,我不是重要的
人。」可是後來他們還是把一個簡單的對話刊出來了,裏面我只記得講了一段話:做一
個研究生或一個學者,有兩個感覺最重要 -- 責任感與罪惡感。你一定要有很大的責任
感,去寫出好的東西,如果責任感還不夠強,還要有一個罪惡感,你會覺得如果今天沒
有好好做幾個小時的工作的話,會有很大的罪惡感。除非是了不得的天才,不然即使愛
因斯坦也是需要很努力的。很多很了不得的人,他只是把所有的努力集中在一百頁裏面
,他花了一千小時和另外一個人只花了十個小時,相對於來說,當然是那花一千個小時
所寫出來的文章較好。所以為什麼說要趕快選定題目?因為如果太晚選定一個題目,只
有一年的時間可以好好耕耘那個題目,早點選定可以有二、三年耕耘那個題目,是三年
做出的東西好,還是一年的東西好?如果我們的才智都一樣的話,將三年的努力與思考
都灌在上面,當然比一年還要好。

 五、營造卓越的大學,分享學術的氛圍

 現在很多人都在討論,何謂卓越的大學?我認為一個好的大學,學校生活的一大部
份,以及校園的許多活動,直接或間接都與學問有關,同學在咖啡廳裏面談論的,直接
或間接也都會是學術相關的議題。教授們在餐廳裏面吃飯,談的是「有沒有新的發現」
?或是哪個人那天演講到底講了什麼重要的想法?一定是沉浸在這種氛圍中的大學,才
有可能成為卓越大學。那種交換思想學識、那種互相教育的氣氛不是花錢就有辦法獲得
的。我知道錢固然重要,但不是唯一的東西。一個卓越的大學、一個好的大學、一個好
的學習環境,表示裏面有一個共同關心的焦點,如果沒有的話,這個學校就不可能成為
好的大學。

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